#  Hybridization and introgression 

 



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Many species hybridize with other species, and this can lead to wholesale transfer of variation important in adaptive evolution. In some cases, this sudden acquisition of recombined adaptive traits can lead to the origins of new species, or "hybrid speciation." These processes were long recognized as important in plants, but increasingly are being discovered in suitable groups of animals. Our group, working with *Heliconius*, ithomiines, and other insects, has been at the forefront of this recent research.  
[Around 35% of *Heliconius* are known to hybridize and backcross with at least one other species](http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2148/7/28/).   
Although many species hybridize, the fraction of individuals that hybridize is always low, or the species would disintegrate completely. Up to about 0.1% of specimens in sympatric species pairs are hybrids.  
In contrast, for species like [*H. himera* and *H. erato* that are in parapatric contact, the rates may be up to 5% in populations from the narrow hybrid zones where the species overlap](http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/pap/malletevol98.pdf).

Using ABBA-BABA tests first applied to the study of human and Neanderthal genomes, we found examples of [the transfer of mimicry genes among sister lineages, such as between *Heliconius melpomene* and *H. timareta*.](http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v487/n7405/full/nature11041.html) [There are also longer range transfers between non-sister lineages, as between Heliconius melpomene and H. elevatus](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07263-w). Detailed studies of *H.cydno* and *H. timareta* have revealed that [a substantial fraction of regions from across the genome may be admixed with *H. melpomene* (30-40% or more](http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/pap/martin%20et%20al.%202013.pdf)).

More recently, full-likelihood estimates of introgression among species have been developed in our group in collaboration with University College London researcher Ziheng Yang's group. These methods have enabled a greatly improved understanding of the somewhat frequent gene flow among species of *Heliconius*, [sometimes deep in the phylogeny of the genus](/publications/major-patterns-introgression-history-heliconius-butterflies).

In the future, we aim to characterize the nature of transferred genomic regions across the genome, to determine how much of this is controlled by selection. It is rather unlikely that hybridization is "adaptive" in itself: most F1 and backcross hybrids suffer from hybrid sterility, other genetic incompatibilities, and sexual selection against hybrids. Hybrids are often poorly fitted to the ecological niche of either parent; for example, mimicry or host plant adaptation may be compromised. Because it is largely counter-adaptive, the rate of interspecific hybridization is probably selected to be minimized by reinforcement. However, once this rate is reduced to a very low level, the impact on the parental populations may be minor, and hybridization can become effectively neutral, leading to lack of further reinforcement. A mating system that avoids all interspecific mating might have negative consequences for sexual selection within species, and as a result, the evolutionary optimum could be a balanced, although low rate of hybridization. This remains to be investigated.



 

   ![ethmelhybrid.jpeg](/sites/g/files/omnuum6606/files/styles/hwp_1_1__360x360_scale/public/malletlab/files/ethmelhybrid.jpeg?itok=YZ-a_C2t) 

 

A wild-caught hybrid between *Heliconius melpomene* and *H. ethilla* from Moyobamba, Peru. From [Dasmahapatra et al. 2007](http://www.ucl.ac.uk/taxome/jim/pap/dasmahapatra07hybrid.pdf).